70 Years of Photovoltaic Innovation: From Bell Labs' First Practical Cell to Today's Tandem Breakthroughs
Future efficiency projections are based on current R&D trajectories, ITRPV roadmaps, and expert consensus from NREL, Fraunhofer ISE, and leading research institutions. Perovskite projections assume successful resolution of stability challenges. Tandem projections reflect ongoing commercialization efforts by Oxford PV, LONGi, and others. Actual results may vary based on breakthrough discoveries and manufacturing advances.